A practitioner who uses superstitious methods such as drawing talismans and chanting spells (sometimes combined with some medicinal substances) to exorcise evil spirits and ghosts as a means of curing illnesses. The emergence of shamans dates back to the Shang Dynasty in China, over three thousand years ago. Due to the development of production, individuals with technical knowledge emerged, among whom were the "shamans." Shamans could cure diseases, perform songs and dances, and speak on behalf of ghosts and deities. Only officials could use shamanic methods to treat illnesses. Relevant records in oracle bone inscriptions illustrate the medical practices of that time. By the Warring States period, folk doctors had become more common. Bian Que (Qin Yue-ren) was the first to propose the idea that "those who believe in shamans but not in doctors cannot be cured." However, due to the limitations of medical development, fraudulent shamans continued to exist for a long time.